Debt & EMIs · 7 min read

You’re not middle class. You’re EMI class.

Your phone is on EMI. Your bike is on EMI. Your last vacation probably was too.

None of that makes you reckless — it makes you fairly typical. The arithmetic behind it is worth doing once anyway, because most of it is designed to be forgettable on purpose.

The new math of “affording it”

Open a banking app and add up everything that leaves on the 5th, the 10th, the 15th of every month: phone EMI, bike loan, a personal loan from a festive sale, the credit card minimum due, maybe a “no cost” EMI for the AC. If that total crosses a third of take-home, that’s not an outlier — it’s where a lot of the country now sits.

India’s household debt, three ways
Indian household credit indicators, 2022–2025.
MetricThenNow
Credit cards in force78M (Jul 2022)~115M (Nov 2025)
Per-borrower debt₹3.9L (2023)₹4.8L (2025)
Household debt / GDP26% (2015)41.3% (Mar 2025)
Source: PwC India + RBI Payment System Report, Dec 2025; RBI Financial Stability Report, Dec 2025

More than 55% of that household debt is non-housing — phones, vacations, school fees, weddings. We didn’t get richer over the last decade. The bill just got better at hiding.

The EMI illusion

Here’s the actual trick. A ₹1.5 lakh phone doesn’t feel like ₹1.5 lakh once it’s reframed as ₹12,500 a month. A ₹40,000 trip doesn’t feel like ₹40,000 once it’s ₹3,500 a month. Your brain stops pricing the object and starts pricing the installment — and installments are built to feel small.

It shows up cleanly in the sales data:

What’s actually being financed, 2025
Share of common Indian purchases bought on EMI.
PurchaseShare financed
Smartphones (overall)40%
Premium phones (₹30K+, incl. iPhone)~2 in 3
New cars78–82%
Personal loans taken for a vacation27% (up from 21% in 2023)
Source: Counterpoint Research, 2025 full-year report; Ride N Repair / BankBazaar, 2026; Paisabazaar, H1 2025

Car lenders now routinely fund 80–100% of the on-road price — leverage that would have been unusual a decade ago. And a vacation, the one purchase whose entire point is to feel free, is now more often than not started ₹40,000–80,000 in debt.

What “no cost” EMI actually costs

It isn’t free. The seller absorbs the bank’s interest, not you — and they make it back in volume, because “no cost” gets five times as many people through the door. You still pay a processing fee, GST on that fee, and a foreclosure charge if you close it early. Apple India’s own terms say exactly this: the authorised distributor bears the financier’s interest, while the processing fee, GST and foreclosure charges stay with you.

The bigger cost isn’t the fee, though. It’s that non-housing retail loans — personal loans, cards, consumer durables — now consume roughly 26% of disposable income on average across Indian borrowers, and for someone stacking a phone, bike and a couple of consumer EMIs at once, the real number is often double that. (We went through 50 real credit card statements to see exactly where this shows up line by line.) Credit card defaults have gone from ₹1,108 crore to ₹6,742 crore in five years — a six-fold jump — on outstanding card debt of roughly ₹2.92 lakh crore, much of it carrying 42–46% annual interest.

Household savings did hit a five-decade low along the way, at 5.1% of GDP. They’ve since recovered to roughly 6.5% of gross national disposable income — a real rebound, still short of pre-2020 norms.

What to actually do about it

This isn’t an argument for cancelling every subscription or never financing anything again. You’ll still get the phone. You’ll still take the trip. The problem was never the individual EMI — small recurring debits stack the same way whether they’re loan installments or subscriptions on autopay. The problem is not knowing the total before you add one more.

  1. Add up every EMI, BNPL instalment and card conversion across three months of statements, not one.
  2. Divide by take-home. That's your real non-housing obligation load — RBI's own average is ~26%; north of 30% is where the stacking starts to bite.
  3. Separate what’s an asset from what isn’t. A home or education loan leaves something behind. A phone or vacation EMI doesn’t.
  4. Note when each non-housing EMI actually ends. That's the month your real take-home changes without you doing anything.

You can’t escape a trap you can’t see. That's the whole exercise.

That’s the specific thing TLDR is built for. It reads your transaction alerts (read-only, never write access) and shows exactly what % of your salary is already spoken for before you’ve spent a rupee of it — EMI, subscription, or otherwise — alongside your net worth and projected FIRE date. One subscription, no ads, nothing sold to you on the side.

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Individual circumstances vary considerably — income stability, existing cover, and what the debt was actually for all change what the right call is. This is an explanation of how the arithmetic works, not a recommendation about your own money.

Sources

FAQ

How much of my salary should go to EMIs?

RBI data puts non-housing retail loans (personal loans, credit cards, consumer durables) at roughly 26% of disposable income on average across Indian borrowers — and for younger borrowers stacking phone, bike and consumer EMIs, the real figure is often double that. Lenders will approve you well past this using FOIR (Fixed Obligation to Income Ratio, generally up to 50–55%), but that’s an approval threshold, not a plan — it says nothing about your rent, SIPs, or emergency fund.

Is a no-cost EMI really free?

No. The seller absorbs the bank’s interest, not you — but Apple India’s own terms, for example, confirm you still pay a processing fee, GST on that fee, and a foreclosure charge if you close early. The deal exists because it gets more people to buy, not because it’s free. It’s cheaper than a regular EMI, but it still occupies a real slot in your monthly obligations.

Why do EMIs feel smaller than what they actually cost?

Once a price is converted into a monthly figure, your brain stops evaluating the total and starts evaluating the installment — and installments are engineered to feel affordable. A ₹1.5 lakh phone that reads as ₹12,500 a month doesn’t trigger the same hesitation the full price would. It’s why 40% of smartphones and roughly two in three premium phones in India are now bought on EMI rather than paid for outright.

How much has India’s household debt actually grown?

Household debt has climbed from 26% of GDP in 2015 to 41.3% by March 2025, per RBI’s Financial Stability Report. Most of that growth isn’t housing — non-housing retail loans now make up more than 55% of the total, and per-borrower debt has risen from ₹3.9 lakh to ₹4.8 lakh in just two years.

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